Geotechnologies applied in epidemiological studies on cases of covid-19: a narrative review / Geotecnologias aplicadas em estudos epidemiológicos sobre os casos de covid-19: revisão narrativa / Geotecnologías aplicadas en estudios epidemiológicos sobre casos de covid-19: revisión narrativa

Background and objectives: the applied geotechnologies are essential in helping the development of epidemiological studies that aim to identify and distribute health events in specific populations and territories, in addition to verifying the factors that influence the occurrence of these events, intending to apply the evidence in strategies of disease planning and control as in the covid-19 pandemic. This study aimed to present the scientific evidence that has been produced on geotechnologies applied in epidemiological studies on cases of covid-19. Methods: this is a descriptive narrative literature review (NLR). To guide the study, the following research question was elaborated: what has been studied about applied geotechnologies in epidemiological research on covid-19 cases? The search was carried out in October 2021, using the descriptors Geographic Information Systems AND Covid-19 OR SARS-CoV-2 AND Epidemiology AND Spatial Analysis, in Virtual Health Library, Scopus, Web of Science, Portal CAPES. Complementarily, a search was carried out for epidemiological bulletins and booklets on the Brazilian Ministry of Health website. Results: nineteen sources of information were selected that fit the objectives for the discussion construction, with three categories of analysis being listed: Geotechnology application; Information management; Challenges of epidemiological studies that use secondary data. Conclusion: geotechnology use in epidemiological studies on covid-19 in identifying areas at risk for the infection spread was such remarkable.(AU)

Justificativa e objetivos: as geotecnologias aplicadas são essenciais para auxiliar o desenvolvimento de estudos epidemiológicos que visam identificar e distribuir eventos de saúde em populações e territórios específicos, além de verificar os fatores que influenciam a ocorrência desses eventos, pretendendo aplicar as evidências em estratégias de planejamento e controle de doenças como na pandemia de covid-19. Este estudo teve como objetivo apresentar as evidências científicas que vêm sendo produzidas sobre geotecnologias aplicadas em estudos epidemiológicos de casos de covid-19. Métodos: trata-se de uma revisão de literatura narrativa descritiva (NLR). Para nortear o estudo, elaborou-se a seguinte questão de pesquisa: o que tem sido estudado sobre as geotecnologias aplicadas na pesquisa epidemiológica dos casos de covid-19? A busca foi realizada no mês de outubro de 2021, utilizando os descritores Geographic Information Systems AND Covid-19 OR SARS-CoV-2 AND Epidemiology AND Spatial Analysis, na Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde, Scopus, Web of Science, Portal CAPES. Complementarmente, foi realizada busca de boletins e cartilhas epidemiológicas no site do Ministério da Saúde do Brasil. Resultados: foram selecionadas dezenove fontes de informação que se enquadram nos objetivos para a construção da discussão, sendo elencadas três categorias de análise: Aplicação da geotecnologia; Gestão da informação; Desafios dos estudos epidemiológicos que utilizam dados secundários. Conclusão: o uso da geotecnologia em estudos epidemiológicos da covid-19 na identificação de áreas de risco para a propagação da infecção foi notável.(AU)

Justificación y objetivos: las geotecnologías aplicadas son esenciales para ayudar al desarrollo de estudios epidemiológicos que tengan como objetivo identificar y distribuir eventos de salud en poblaciones y territorios específicos, además de verificar los factores que influyen en la ocurrencia de estos eventos, con la intención de aplicar la evidencia en estrategias de planificación y control de enfermedades como en la pandemia de covid-19. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo presentar la evidencia científica que se ha producido sobre geotecnologías aplicadas en estudios epidemiológicos sobre casos de covid-19. Métodos: se trata de una revisión descriptiva narrativa de la literatura (NLR). Para orientar el estudio se elaboró la siguiente pregunta de investigación: ¿Qué se ha estudiado sobre geotecnologías aplicadas en la investigación epidemiológica de casos de covid-19? La búsqueda se realizó en octubre de 2021, utilizando los descriptores Sistemas de Información Geográfica Y Covid-19 O SARS-CoV-2 Y Epidemiología Y Análisis Espacial, en Biblioteca Virtual en Salud, Scopus, Web of Science, Portal CAPES. Complementariamente, se realizó una búsqueda de boletines y folletos epidemiológicos en el sitio web del Ministerio de Salud de Brasil. Resultados: fueron seleccionadas diecinueve fuentes de información que se ajustan a los objetivos para la construcción de la discusión, siendo enumeradas tres categorías de análisis: aplicación de la geotecnología; Gestión de la información; Retos de los estudios epidemiológicos que utilizan datos secundarios. Conclusión: el uso de geotecnología en estudios epidemiológicos sobre covid-19 para identificar áreas en riesgo de propagación de la infección fue tan notable.(AU)

Skin injuries due to Personal Protective Equipment and preventive measures in the COVID-19 context: An integrative review

Objective: to identify the diverse scientific evidence on the types of skin lesions caused due to the use of Personal Protective Equipment in health professionals during the COVID-19 pandemic and to verify the recommended prevention measures. Method: this is an integrative review carried out in the MEDLINE, CINAHL, LILACS, SCOPUS, Science Direct, Web of Science and SciELO databases. The search was conducted in a paired manner, constituting a sample of 17 studies categorized according to the types of skin lesions and preventive measures. Results: the main types of skin lesions related to mask use were stage 1 pressure ulcers, acne and cutaneous depression. Regarding the use of glasses and face shields, the most frequent were stage 1 and 2 pressure ulcers. Xerosis and irritant contact dermatitis occurred due to using gloves and protective clothing, respectively. The main preventive measures recommended were using hydrocolloid or foam dressing in the pressure regions, moisturizers and emollients. Conclusion: a considerable number of skin lesions associated with using the equipment were noticed, and the data obtained can guide the professionals in identifying risks and promoting preventive measures to avoid their occurrence. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)

Risk factors and spatial distribution associated with deaths due to COVID-19: an integrative review / Fatores de risco e distribuição espacial associados aos óbitos por COVID-19: uma revisão integrative / Factores de riesgo y distribución espacial asociados a las muertes por COVID-19: una revisión integradora

Background and objectives: understanding the clinical-epidemiological and environmental factors related to deaths due to COVID-19 and their distribution in space can serve as subsidies to direct and implement more effective health actions for vulnerable populations. Thus, the objective was to synthesize the scientific evidence related to risk factors and spatial distribution of deaths due to COVID-19 in the world. Content: this is an integrative literature review, and the following guiding question emerged: what is the scientific evidence related to risk factors and spatial distribution of deaths due to COVID-19 in the world? Searches were carried out in the Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO) and the Scopus, Web of Science and National Library of Medicine (PubMed) databases in June 2021. Original studies in Portuguese, English or Spanish, without time frame, excluding studies with a specific age group or with an audience with specific comorbidity, were used. A total of 25 studies were included, with findings in different scenarios around the world. Factors such as age, sex, pre-existing diseases were associated with deaths due to COVID-19, which had a heterogeneous spatial distribution and occurred in environmental, socioeconomic and geographic conditions peculiar to these territories. Conclusion: age equal to or greater than 60 years, males, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus and geographic areas with greater environmental pollution, greater population density and precarious sanitary conditions influenced the mortality of COVID-19.(AU)

Justificativa e objetivos: compreender os fatores clínico-epidemiológicos e ambientais relacionados aos óbitos por COVID-19 e sua distribuição no espaço pode servir de subsídio para direcionar e implementar ações de saúde mais efetivas para populações vulneráveis. Assim, o objetivo foi sintetizar as evidências científicas relacionadas aos fatores de risco e distribuição espacial dos óbitos por COVID-19 no mundo. Conteúdo: trata-se de uma revisão integrativa da literatura, e emergiu a seguinte questão norteadora: quais são as evidências científicas relacionadas aos fatores de risco e distribuição espacial dos óbitos por COVID-19 no mundo? As buscas foram realizadas nas bases de dados Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO) e Scopus, Web of Science e National Library of Medicine (PubMed) em junho de 2021. Estudos originais em português, inglês ou espanhol, sem recorte temporal, excluindo estudos com faixa etária específica ou com um público com comorbidade específica. Um total de 25 estudos foram incluídos, com achados em diferentes cenários ao redor do mundo. Fatores como idade, sexo, doenças pré-existentes foram associados aos óbitos por COVID-19, que tiveram distribuição espacial heterogênea e ocorreram em condições ambientais, socioeconômicas e geográficas peculiares a esses territórios. Conclusão: idade igual ou superior a 60 anos, sexo masculino, doenças cardiovasculares, diabetes mellitus e áreas geográficas com maior poluição ambiental, maior densidade populacional e condições sanitárias precárias influenciaram na mortalidade por COVID-19.(AU)

Justificación y objetivos: comprender los factores clínico-epidemiológicos y ambientales relacionados con las muertes por COVID-19 y su distribución en el espacio puede servir como subsidio para orientar e implementar acciones de salud más efectivas para poblaciones vulnerables. Así, el objetivo fue sintetizar la evidencia científica relacionada con los factores de riesgo y la distribución espacial de las muertes por COVID-19 en el mundo. Contenido: se trata de una revisión integrativa de la literatura, y surgió la siguiente pregunta orientadora: ¿cuál es la evidencia científica relacionada con los factores de riesgo y la distribución espacial de las muertes por COVID-19 en el mundo? Las búsquedas se realizaron en las bases de datos Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO) y Scopus, Web of Science y National Library of Medicine (PubMed) en junio de 2021. Estudios originales en portugués, inglés o español, sin marco de tiempo, excluyendo estudios con se utilizó un grupo de edad específico o con un público con comorbilidad específica. Se incluyeron un total de 25 estudios, con hallazgos en diferentes escenarios alrededor del mundo. Factores como la edad, el sexo, las enfermedades preexistentes se asociaron a las muertes por COVID-19, que tuvo una distribución espacial heterogénea y se produjo en condiciones ambientales, socioeconómicas y geográficas propias de estos territorios. Conclusión: la edad igual o mayor a 60 años, la maldad, las enfermedades cardiovasculares, la diabetes mellitus y las áreas geográficas con mayor contaminación ambiental, mayor densidad poblacional y precarias condiciones sanitarias influyeron en la mortalidad por COVID-19.(AU)

Skin injuries due to Personal Protective Equipment and preventive measures in the COVID-19 context: an integrative review. / Lesões de pele por Equipamentos de Proteção Individual e medidas preventivas no contexto da COVID-19: revisão integrativa.

OBJECTIVE: to identify the diverse scientific evidence on the types of skin lesions caused due to the use of Personal Protective Equipment in health professionals during the COVID-19 pandemic and to verify the recommended prevention measures. METHOD: this is an integrative review carried out in the MEDLINE, CINAHL, LILACS, SCOPUS, Science Direct, Web of Science and SciELO databases. The search was conducted in a paired manner, constituting a sample of 17 studies categorized according to the types of skin lesions and preventive measures. RESULTS: the main types of skin lesions related to mask use were stage 1 pressure ulcers, acne and cutaneous depression. Regarding the use of glasses and face shields, the most frequent were stage 1 and 2 pressure ulcers. Xerosis and irritant contact dermatitis occurred due to using gloves and protective clothing, respectively. The main preventive measures recommended were using hydrocolloid or foam dressing in the pressure regions, moisturizers and emollients. CONCLUSION: a considerable number of skin lesions associated with using the equipment were noticed, and the data obtained can guide the professionals in identifying risks and promoting preventive measures to avoid their occurrence.

Tuberculosis forecasting and temporal trends by sex and age in a high endemic city in northeastern Brazil: where were we before the Covid-19 pandemic?

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to describe the temporal trend of tuberculosis cases according to sex and age group and evidence the level of disease before the Covid-19 pandemic in a TB high endemic city. METHODS: This was a time series study carried out in a city in northeast Brazil. The population was composed of cases of tuberculosis, excluding those with HIV-positive status, reported between the years 2002 and 2018. An exploratory analysis of the monthly rates of tuberculosis detection, smoothed according to sex and age group, was performed. Subsequently, the progression of the trend and prediction of the disease were also characterized according to these aspects. For the trends forecast, the seasonal autoregressive linear integrated moving average (ARIMA) model and the usual Box-Jenkins method were used to choose the most appropriate models. RESULTS: A total of 1620 cases of tuberculosis were reported, with an incidence of 49.7 cases per 100,000 inhabitants in men and 34.0 per 100,000 in women. Regarding the incidence for both sexes, there was a decreasing trend, which was similar for age. Evidence resulting from the application of the time series shows a decreasing trend in the years 2002-2018, with a trend of stability. CONCLUSIONS: The study evidenced a decreasing trend in tuberculosis, even before the Covid-19 pandemic, for both sex and age; however, in a step really slow from that recommended by the World Health Organization. According to the results, the disease would have achieved a level of stability in the city next years, however it might have been aggravated by the pandemic. These findings are relevant to evidence the serious behavior and trends of TB in a high endemic scenario considering a context prior to the Covid-19 pandemic.

Deaths due to COVID-19 in a state of northeastern Brazil: spatiotemporal distribution, sociodemographic and clinical and operational characteristics.

BACKGROUND: The detection of spatiotemporal clusters of deaths by coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is essential for health systems and services, as it contributes to the allocation of resources and helps in effective decision making aimed at disease control and surveillance. Thus we aim to analyse the spatiotemporal distribution and describe sociodemographic and clinical and operational characteristics of COVID-19-related deaths in a Brazilian state. METHODS: A descriptive and ecological study was carried out in the state of Maranhão. The study population consisted of deaths by COVID-19 in the period from 29 March to 31 July 2020. The detection of spatiotemporal clusters was performed by spatiotemporal scan analysis. RESULTS: A total of 3001 deaths were analysed with an average age of 69 y, predominantly in males, of brown ethnicity, with arterial hypertension and diabetes, diagnosed mainly by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction in public laboratories. The crude mortality rates the municipalities ranged from 0.00 to 102.24 deaths per 100 000 inhabitants and three spatiotemporal clusters of high relative risk were detected, with a mortality rate ranging from 20.25 to 91.49 deaths per 100 000 inhabitants per month. The headquarters was the metropolitan region of São Luís and municipalities with better socio-economic and health development. CONCLUSIONS: The heterogeneous spatiotemporal distribution and the sociodemographic and clinical and operational characteristics of deaths by COVID-19 point to the need for interventions.